What are the zirconium dioxide purposes

Zirconium dioxide (chemical formula: ZrO2) is the main zirconium oxide, usually situation as odourless tasteless white crystals, soluble in water, hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid. General often contains a small amount of hafnium. Chemical inertness and high melting point, high resistivity, high refractive index and the properties of low thermal expansion coefficient, make it become a important high temperature resistant materials, insulation materials and ceramic sunscreen, also is the main raw material of artificial diamond. The band gap of about 5-7 ev.

Zirconium dioxide properties: white heavy amorphous powder. Odourless. Tasteless. Soluble in 1 2 copy of sulfuric acid and the mixture of water, slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, slow soluble in hydrofluoric acid, almost insoluble in water. Stimulating. Relative density 5.85. Melting point is 2680 ℃. The boiling point of 4300 ℃. Hardness is inferior to the diamond.

Zirconium dioxide for making metal zirconium and zirconium compounds, and the crucible refractory brick, high-frequency ceramic and grinding materials, ceramic pigment and zirconium salts are mainly used for piezoelectric ceramics, daily-use ceramics, refractory materials and precious metals smelting with brick of zirconium, zirconium tube, crucible, and so on. Also used in the production of steel and non-ferrous metals, optical glass and zirconium dioxide fiber. Also used in ceramic pigments, electrostatic coating and paint. Used in epoxy resin can increase the thermal brine corrosion.

what is the Cefbuperazone-sodium

Cefoperazone sodium is used in the treatment of various infections caused by sensitive bacteria enzyme production, such as respiratory system, reproductive, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary system XiongFuQiang, the treatment of skin soft tissue infection, and in the brain caused by influenza bacillus, meningococcal infection also has good curative effect.

Cefoperazone sodium, of the broad spectrum produced by negative bacilli beta lactamase has certain stability, but some of the third generation cephalosporins, the role of negative bacilli resistant is better than that of the first and second generation cephalosporins, but for pseudomonas aeruginosa has good antibacterial activity. Resistance to positive role as the first and second generation cephalosporins, but for pneumococcal and s. pyogenes were good. For weak antibacterial activity of anaerobic bacteria. Enterococcus and quite a proportion of enterobacteriaceae bacteria on the goods resistant, mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella bacteria to cefoperazone were resistant. Antibacterial properties similar to cefotaxime. Weak effect on gram-positive bacteria, sensitive only hemolytic streptococcus and streptococcus pneumoniae. Logarithm of gram-negative bacteria, the role of the goods is slightly inferior to cefotaxime, the strong role of pseudomonas aeruginosa.

What is the Anagrelide

What is the Anagrelide? That Anagrelide is one of the pharmaceutical raw materials, so what is the gray? Here is introduced:

O the Anagrelide to reduce the number of blood clotting cells (called platelets) in the body. This helps prevent blood clots to form.

O that Anagrelide is used in the treatment of primary thrombocytosis (too much blood clotting cells in the body).

O that Anagrelide can also be used for purposes other than listed in this medication guide.

Warm reminder: o that no known interaction between gray and other drugs. Before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications, consult your doctor and pharmacist.

What is a Flumazenil

What is a Flumazenil? For Flumazenil, many people may not know a lot about fluorine marcie is a kind of pharmaceutical raw materials, the following will introduce for you:

Flumazenil for white or white crystalline powder; Odourless and tasteless. Easily dissolved in chloroform or glacial acetic acid, slightly in methanol solution, almost insoluble in water. Benzodiazepines drugs poisoning rescue. Can also be used for the rescue of alcohol poisoning.

Flumazenil for selective medicine benzodiazepines antagonism. Its chemical structure and benzodiazepines approximation, the role of the central zhuo benzodiazepine receptors (BZD), without BZD sample blocks receptors. Animal experiments proved that it can be reversed on the central BZD receptor affinity of BZD classes and class of BZD (e.g., zopiclone, etc), to the person's role is consistent. It can also partly antagonism the anticonvulsive effect of valproic acid sodium. Antidepressant drugs can increase the secretion of prolactin level, human body and BZD anti-anxiety drugs can make it lower, the product reduce the effect of BZD class can antagonism. Of diazepam, lorazepam and triazolam and tolerability of body depend on animals, the use of this product have can produce withdrawal symptoms. This product is a weak alkali lipotropy, plasma protein combined rate at about 50%, and albumin.

What is a Camostat

Camostat hydrolyze rapidly, prototype drug blood concentration in rats and very low per capita. Absorb quickly, this article take orally after dosing 40 min, the active metabolite 4 - (4 - guanidine benzoyl oxygen radicals) phenylacetic acid which reached the peak of my blood drug concentration (84 ng/ml). 40 ~ 80 min after the treatment the blood concentration peak, in vitro of trypsin and plasma kallikrein ID50 value can be maintained for about 5 hours. Blood has a half-life of 73 min, within 5 ~ 6 h after drug excretion from urine was 20%, most of the metabolites in urine for 4 - guanidine benzoic acid, its a small amount of 4 - http://www.pharmaceutiucal-materials.com/Pharmaceutica-Raw-Materials/Camostat/ low toxicity, big mouse oral LD50 of about 3000 mg/kg. Subacute and chronic toxicity test, this product can increase the weight of pancreas, make acinar cell hypertrophy, enzyme original particles increases, but stop most animals can recover after the treatment. About reproductive toxicity test on rats the Seg I, Seg II test, this product can make the matrix hypertrophy of the pancreas, but does not affect the fetus; In Seg III trials found that this product can inhibit the newborn's growth. Mutagenic tests were negative.

What is the Trimetazidine

Trimetazidine belongs to other kind of angina pectoris drugs, have fight epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the effect of vasopressin, can reduce vascular resistance, increase the coronary artery and blood flow, promote myocardial metabolism and energy production. At the same time could reduce the myocardial oxygen consumption and improve myocardial oxygen supply and demand balance. Also can increase the tolerance to cardiac glycoside. Clinical apply to coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris and old myocardial infarction, etc. For those with severe cardiac insufficiency with digitalis. Is a kind of stimulants, in January 2014 was included in the "disabled list" of the world anti-doping agency, belongs to the disabled within certain substances. Alleged specific material, it is the list of disabled, indicate the likely to lead to one of the material of accidental misuse in common in the drugs, or not as stimulant abuse. But the big dose use can also play a role to improve athletic performance, has the potential to be abused.

Trimetazidine is suitable for clinical coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris and old myocardial infarction, etc. For those with severe cardiac insufficiency with digitalis.

What is the Strontium titanate

Strontium titanate is a kind of inorganic compounds, molecular formula for SrTiO3, strontium titanate can be used as electronic ceramic materials and artificial stones. 1955 national read company by flame melt into a natural counterparts without artificial gems. The chemical composition of SrTiO3.

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) as the typical perovskite structure, and is toxic chemicals, is a function of a wide range of electronic ceramic material, with high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, the advantages of good thermal stability [1], and is widely used in electronics, mechanical and ceramic industry. At the same time, as a kind of functional materials, strontium titanate has high forbidden band width (3.4 eV), good photocatalytic activity, etc, and has a unique electromagnetic properties and REDOX catalytic activity, the photocatalytic decomposition of water hydrogen production, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and light photocatalytic fields such as chemical batteries are widely used. In addition, as a man-made gems are often cut into emerald cut diamond substitute is a kind of very good.

The role of magnesium fluoride in the chemical industry

Magnesium fluoride is a halogen element fluorine and magnesium metal compounds, a colorless square crystal or powder, odorless, soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in dilute acid, soluble in nitric acid. Under electric heating are weak fluorescent purple, the polarization of the crystal has a good effect, especially suitable for uv and ir spectra. There are toxic.

Use optical lens coating. The optical coating on a layer of magnesium fluoride membrane layer, can reduce the camera interface of the incoming light reflex, reduce the halo, improve the quality of imaging. Magnesium fluoride also used in ceramic, electronics industries; Manufacturing ceramics, glass; Metallurgy magnesium flux; The fluorescent material of cathode ray screen; Flux, etc.

Warm reminder: although magnesium fluoride chemical properties is stable, does not decompose heating, even strong electrolytic hard to separation, so generally there is no harm to human body, but long-term exposure will cause certain harm to human body, such as: cause fluorine spot tooth and skeletal fluorosis. If direct oral magnesium fluoride, can cause salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, followed a tremor, coma, can die from respiratory paralysis.

The development prospects of alumina

Alumina (Al ₂ O ₃) is a kind of compound high hardness, melting point is 2054 ℃, boiling point is 2980 ℃, is at high temperatures is ionization ion crystal, often used in the manufacture of refractory products. Industrial Al2O3 is by bauxite (Al2O3 forced the 3 h2o) and preparation of diaspore, for the high purity requirements of Al2O3, usually prepared by chemical methods.

Al2O3, there are many similar crystal, at present there are more than 10 kinds of known, there are mainly three kinds of crystal type, namely the gamma Al2O3, beta Al2O3, alpha Al2O3 (corundum). Which structure is different, with different properties in high temperature above 1300 ℃ is almost entirely into alpha Al2O3.

With China's electrolytic aluminum, ceramic, medicine, electronics, machinery and other industries, with the rapid development of market demand for alumina still have larger growth space, alumina production will be growing. Combined with China's alumina production data from 2005 to 2010, is expected to reach 33 million tons in 2011 China's alumina production, the growth rate of 14%, in 2012 will continue to grow on the basis of in 2011, production will be more than 38 million tons.

In addition, given China's building construction area according to the years continue to surge, and due to the continuous urbanization, aluminum very optimistic prospect in the future. Is expected in 2011 China demand rose 15% to 38.19 million tonnes of alumina, alumina demand will reach 42 million tons in 2012, up 10% from a year earlier.

The characteristics of metal compounds

Between alloy components interact and form a substance with metallic properties called metal compounds. The composition of metal compounds generally available chemical formula.

Various elements interact to form a substance with metallic properties called metal compounds. The composition of metal compounds generally available chemical formula. Metal compounds lattice type is different from any group of yuan, general with complex lattice structure. Its performance characteristic is high melting point, high hardness and brittleness. When in the alloy metal compounds, often can improve the alloy's hardness and wear resistance, but the plasticity and toughness decreases. Is an important phase in many alloy metal compounds.

What is the non-ferrous metal

Non-ferrous metals: [Metallurgy] non - ferrous metal, narrow non-ferrous metals is also called nonferrous metal, all metal is iron, manganese, chromium. Generalized non-ferrous metals include non-ferrous alloy. Non-ferrous alloy is a kind of non-ferrous metal matrix (usually greater than 50%), add one or several other elements of the alloy.

Non-ferrous metals usually refers to remove iron (sometimes to remove chromium and manganese) and all metal outside of iron base alloy. Non-ferrous metals can be divided into heavy metals (such as copper, lead, zinc), light metals (such as aluminum, magnesium), precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum and rare metals, such as tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, lithium, lanthanum, uranium).

Non-ferrous alloy strength and hardness of the generally higher than the pure metal, resistance than pure metal, small temperature coefficient of resistance, good comprehensive mechanical properties. The commonly used non-ferrous alloy of aluminum alloy, copper alloy, magnesium alloy, nickel alloy, tin alloy, tantalum alloy, titanium alloy, zinc alloy, molybdenum alloys, zirconium alloys, etc.

The origin of the metal powder

Metal powder refers to the metal particle size less than 1 mm. Include a single metal powder, alloy powder, and some with characteristics of metal powder, refractory compounds is the main raw materials of powder metallurgy.

Making and application of metal powder origin. Ancient with gold, silver, copper, bronze and some oxide powder coating, pottery, jewelry, and other instruments used for the color and decoration. At the beginning of the 20th century, americans cooley, ji (W.D.C oolidge) tungsten powder produced by hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxide in making tungsten filament, is the beginning of modern metal powder production. Since then by chemical reduction of the copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, tungsten carbide powder, promoted the early powder metallurgy products (porous bearings, oil filters, hard alloy, etc.); At this time also invented the made of iron powder and nickel powder by carbonyl method. S first take iron powder by using eddy current grinding, then iron powder produced by solid carbon reduction method, the cost is low. Molten metal atomization method emerged in the early 30 s. At first, this method is used to making low melting point metals such as tin, lead, aluminium powder, to 40 s become with high-pressure air atomization for making iron powder. 50 s with high-pressure water spray making alloy and a variety of alloy powder. In the '60 s developed a variety of ways to produce high alloy powder atomization, promoting the development of high performance powder metallurgy products. Since the 70 s, appeared a variety of gas phase and liquid phase physical and chemical reaction method, thus has important use of coated powder and ultrafine powder.

The classification of chemical raw materials

There are many kinds chemical raw materials, the use is very wide. Chemicals in the world has 500 ~ 7 million, the sale in the market circulation of more than 100000 kinds, and every year there are more than 1000 kinds of new chemicals, and there are 150 ~ 200 is considered to be carcinogenic.

Chemical raw materials in general can be divided into two types: organic chemical raw materials and inorganic chemical raw materials

Organic chemical raw materials

Can be divided into alkanes and its derivatives, olefins and their derivatives, alkynes and derivatives, quinones, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ethers, anhydride, esters, organic acids, carboxylic acid salts and carbohydrates, heterocyclic, nitriles, halogen, amino acid and other kinds

Inorganic chemical raw materials

Inorganic chemical products is the main raw material, sodium, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and other mineral (see inorganic salt industry) and coal chemical, oil, natural gas and air, water, etc. In addition, many industrial sectors of by-products and waste, and inorganic chemical raw materials, such as: iron and steel industry in the coking process of coke oven gas, which contains ammonia available made from recycled ammonium sulfate and chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite smelting sulfur dioxide can be used to produce sulfuric acid in waste gas, etc.

What is the chemical industry

Chemical industry is the use of chemical reaction change material structure, composition, shape to produce chemical products industry. Chemical production this a series of characteristics that, in the chemical enterprise management, we must attach importance to the role of technology in production.

Chemical industry (chemical industry), also known as chemical processing industry, referring to the production process of chemical methods dominate the process industry. Including basic chemical industry and plastics, synthetic fiber, oil, rubber, pharmaceutical, dye industry, etc.

Chemical industry is the use of chemical reaction change material structure, composition, morphology and other chemical products sector. Such as inorganic acid, alkali, salt, rare element, synthetic fibre, plastic, synthetic rubber, dyes, paints, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

What isthe medical material

Biomedical materials, also known as biological material, its research and development began in the 30 s of this century, obtained the rapid development in recent 20 years. It has been listed as high technology and new materials development planning in many countries, and quickly became a competitive world of high technology key to one of the important areas of new materials; It to the health of human life and the country's economic and social harmonious development, is of great significance.

Refers to a kind of biomedical materials with special performance, special function, used in artificial organs, surgical repair, physical therapy rehabilitation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and won't produce adverse effect to human body material. Now all kinds of synthetic materials and natural polymer materials, metal and alloy material, ceramic and carbon materials as well as a variety of composite materials, the finished products have been widely applied in clinical and scientific research. A, the classification of biomedical materials In general, the clinical medicine of biomedical materials have the following basic requirements: non-toxic, no carcinogenic, teratogenic, does not cause the burst of human cells and tissue reaction; Has good compatibility with human tissue, not cause poisoning, hemolysis, blood coagulation, the phenomenon such as fever and allergies; Chemical stability, resistance to bodily fluids, blood and enzyme; Has adapted to the natural organization of physical and mechanical properties; According to different purpose has a specific function.

What is the avocado

Avocado, deciduous trees, 10 to 15 meters high, diameter at breast height of 1-1.5 m; And more dense canopy, branches, bark thick, knot, common bending phenomenon; Bark thick, irregular crack, with milk. Lobes oblong, apex rounded or obtuse, base rounded or obtuse, rusty pilose on top at a young age, after the two sides are glabrous, midrib grooves in the above, the following round, very bulge, lateral veins for more than 30, parallel to each other, the two sides slightly raised, net veins thin; Petiole rounded. Rusty pilose on pedicel; Calyx lobes lanceolate, outside coat; Flower has a sweet taste, corolla lobes ovate, margin entire. Berry globose, 3-4 cm in diameter, edible, taste such as persimmon; Seeds ovoid, yellow-brown, glossy, lateral scar, oblong. June flowering, fruiting in October.

All tropical Africa. China's yunnan province including yuanjiang introduction station has a large area of cultivation. Seeds are rich in fat, for important oil and industrial and mining, oil and margarine and soap. Avocado fruit is a kind of high nutritional value of fruit, rich in a variety of vitamins, fatty acids and protein and high levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and other elements, nutritional value can be rivalled with cream, and even have the laudatory title of "forest cream", generally as a fruit to eat, can also be produced for dishes and cans.

what is the Smoketree Extract

Smoketree Extractt is a kind of natural plants exist in paint wood wax tree (Rhus succedanea l.) of organic compounds.

Smoketree Extract is also called the paint yellow acid, paint flavin, purple riveting, fisetin.

Yellow needle crystal (crystallization from dilute ethanol), decomposition point 330 ℃, soluble in ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, alkali hydroxide solution, insoluble in water, ethyl ether, benzene, chloroform and petroleum ether. Dark green fluorescence in dilute sodium hydroxide ethanol solution.

What is a cowherb seed

Cowherb Seed Extract spherical, 2 mm in diam. Surface is black, a few red brown, slightly shiny, has fine grain protrusion, hollow longitudinal groove side one. Qualitative hard. White endosperm, embryo curved cyclization, cotyledons 2. Micro, micro astringent, bitter taste.

Cowherb seed, Chinese traditional medicine. For caryophyllaceae plant wheat blue food Vaccaria segetalis (Neck) Garcke dry mature seeds. Summer fruit into hot, peel out before cutting in cracking plant, dried, lay the seed, to remove impurities, then dry. In addition to the south China, the national regional distribution. Has invigorate the circulation of menstruation and breast swelling, under the effect of diuresis on leaching. Used for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, milk, milk carbuncle sore, stranguria acerbity pain.

What is the zeolite

Zeolite (zeolite) is a kind of ore, originally discovered in 1756. Sweden's mineralogist krones discovery (Cronstedt) is a kind of natural silicon aluminate ore in burn boiling phenomena can be created, so named "zeolite" (swe zeolit). In the Greek means "boiling" (zeo) "stone" (lithos). Since then, the study of zeolite deepening.

Zeolite crystal structure can be divided into three components: (1) aluminum silicate skeleton, skeleton (2) contains the concreted complete of exchangeable cations M empty, (3) the potential of water molecules, namely, zeolite water.

Zeolite of water molecules and the skeleton of exchangeable ions and metal cation, usually is flabby and weak. These water molecules can move more freely than cation and access channel. With the help of thermal drive, can be free to take off, without affecting the skeleton structure.

What is the Graphite oxide powder

Graphite powder soft, dark gray; Have greasy feeling, but the pollution of paper. Hardness is 1 ~ 2, along the vertical direction with the increase of the impurity the hardness can be increased to 3 ~ 5. Proportion is 1.9 ~ 2.3. Under the condition of starvation, its melting point above 3000 ℃, is one of the most heat-resistant mineral. Room temperature relatively stable chemical properties of the graphite powder, insoluble in water, dilute acid, dilute alkali and organic solvent; Material has high temperature resistant conductive performance, can be used as refractory materials, conductive materials, wear-resistant lubricating materials.

Graphite powder is a chemical reaction is very sensitive material, in a different environment resistivity he will change, also is his resistance to change, but one thing is not changed, the graphite powder is one of the very good non-metallic conductive material, as long as the object of the insulation inside guarantee graphite powder uninterrupted, like a thin line, also will be powered, but, how much is the resistance value, this value is not an accurate number, because the thickness of graphite powder, graphite powder used in different materials and the environment resistance will be different.

What role does the Nanoscale titanium dioxide

Nanometer titanium dioxide is white loose powder, uv shielding is strong, good dispersibility and weather resistance. Can be used in cosmetics, functional fiber, plastic, paint, paint, and other fields, as ultraviolet screening agent, prevent ultraviolet ray. Can also be used for high-grade car paint, varies with Angle different color effect.

Nanoscale titanium dioxide, also called titanium dioxide. Under 100 nanometers in diameter, product appearance for white loose powder. With line resistance, antibacterial, self-cleaning, anti-aging properties, can be used in cosmetics, functional fiber, plastics, printing ink, paint, paint, fine ceramics and other fields [1]. Crystal morphology: there are two main types of nano titanium dioxide sharp titanium type (Anatase and Rutile type (Rutile). Rutile type titanium dioxide than sharp titanium type titanium dioxide stable and compact, has high hardness, density, dielectric constants and refractive index, the covering power and tinting strength is higher also. And sharp titanium type titanium dioxide in shortwave part of the reflectivity of visible light is higher than the rutile type titanium dioxide, with blue color, and the ultraviolet absorption capacity is lower than the rutile type, photocatalytic activity is higher than the rutile type. Under certain conditions, sharp titanium type titanium dioxide can be converted into rutile type titanium dioxide.

What is the Sodium picosulfate

Sodium picosulfate of appearance and properties: monoclinic system, short columnar crystal, the assembly is dense clumps or crusty, colorless, transparent, sometimes with yellow or green, soluble in water. White, odorless, has a bitter taste of crystallization or powder, has the water absorbability. Appearance is colorless, transparent, the crystallization of big or small crystal granularity. Sodium sulfate is oxyacid acid alkali and salt.

Sodium sulfate is sulfate and sodium ions generated salt and sodium sulfate in water and its aqueous solution is neutral, soluble in glycerin and not soluble in ethanol. Inorganic compounds, sodium sulfate hydrate and ten glauber's salt, high purity, fine grain anhydride called sodium sulphate, exposed to the air suction easily generate 10 hydrated sodium sulfate, sodium ten hydration commonly known as glauber's salt. Sodium sulphate, white, odourless, has a bitter taste of crystallization or powder, has the water absorbability. Appearance is colorless, transparent, the crystallization of big or small crystal granularity. Mainly used in the manufacture of sodium silicate, glass, enamel, pulp, refrigeration mixture, detergent, desiccant, dye diluent, analysis of chemical reagents, pharmaceuticals, feed, etc. At 241 ℃ sodium sulfate crystallization will shift into six square. In organic synthesis laboratory sodium sulfate is one of the most commonly used post-processing desiccant.

What is the carbidopa

Carbidopa is crystallization white villous; Almost odourless. The goods in the water or slightly soluble in methanol, insoluble in ethanol or chloroform; Easily dissolved in a dilute hydrochloric acid.

Carbidopa has strong peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor. Not through the blood brain barrier, and share, levodopa only inhibition of the peripheral dopamine decarboxylase activity, reduce the production of dopamine weeks outside organization, reduce the peripheral adverse reactions, and then put into the central increase in the number of levodopa, increase the concentration of dopamine in the brain, enhance the curative effect of levodopa, so is one of the important auxiliary drug levodopa. Carbidopa use invalid, usually with carbidopa levodopa in compatibility or 1:4 scale made of compound preparations.

What is a meadow sweet

Meadow sweet (Spiraea salicifolia l.), also known as horse urine, leeches grass, leeches tip, rosales, rosaceae erect shrubs, up to 2 meters. Shoots pilose, fall off when old; Winter buds appear several pieces of brown scales, thin soft hairy leaves oblong-elliptic lanceolate or lanceolate, leaf blade long lanceolate to lanceolate, inflorescence oblong or pyramidal panicle, petals pink, flowering in August 6 -, fruiting August - September. Meadow sweet in east Asia, are distributed in southeastern Europe.

Meadow sweet fruit, leaf and root can be for medicinal, with functions clear heat, bright eye out "effect. Meadow sweet and honey plants, can enrich people's diet life.

The role is the Prickly Ash Extract

Prickly Ash Extract is a cactus plant roots and stems of cactus extract, has to lose weight, fall blood sugar, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effect.

A plant of the genus is cactus, the cactus. Alias fairy slap, guanyin, overlord, fire palms, etc., for a cactus plants. The cactus for tiny bush meat, broad obovate, upper branches, pour egg elliptic or suborbicular; Flower rotate, receptacle obovate; Seeds most flat circular, margin slightly irregular, glabrous, yellowish brown. Cactus is fond of strong light, resistance to heat, drought, barren, tenacious vitality, grow warm for about 20 to 30 ℃. Are mainly distributed in the southern United States and the southeast coastal areas, the west Indies, Bermuda and northern South America, southern China and southeast Asia and other tropical and subtropical regions of arid region.

The cactus has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: cactus on staphylococcus aureus, proteus mirabilis, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, waxy has inhibitory effect on bacillus.

What is the chemistry of the rubidium

Rb is a kind of chemicals, extremely soft waxy white metal. Soft and light, and its chemical properties than potassium and lively. Under the action of light, easy to emit electrons. Dramatic effect, under the influence of water to generate hydrogen and hydroxide rb. Easy and oxygen generating complex oxides. Due to the reaction under the influence of water release large amounts of heat, so can make hydrogen combustion immediately. Pure metal rubidium is usually stored in a sealed glass ampoules.

The nature of the rubidium between the cesium potassium and the bottom of the above, the nature is very lively, in the air immediately lose metallic luster, violently by the oxygen oxidation, and can cause rubidium spontaneous combustion. Reactions under the influence of water is very severe, or even access to - 100 ℃ below the ice will be an explosion.

What is the cadmium

Cadmium is silvery white, shiny metal, melting temperature 320.9 ℃, boiling point 765 ℃, the density of 8650 kg/m3; . With toughness and ductility. Cadmium in wet air oxidation and slow loss of metallic luster, heating surface oxide layer, brown if heated to boiling point above, will produce cadmium oxide of smoke. High temperature response to cadmium and halogen halide cadmium. Can also be directly combined with sulfur, cadmium sulfide. Cadmium, soluble in acid, but not soluble in alkali. Cadmium oxidation state of + 1, + 2. Solubility of cadmium cadmium oxide and hydroxide are small, they are soluble in acid, but not soluble in alkali. Cadmium can form a variety of complex ion, such as Cd (NH3), Cd (CN), CdCl, etc.

Bigger toxicity of cadmium, cadmium pollution of air and food to human body harm is serious, and in the human body metabolism slower, Japan for cadmium poisoning appeared "pain pain disease".

A variety of methods available from smoke or cadmium containing cadmium residue (such as coal or carbon reduction or sulfuric acid leaching method and dust replacement) of metal cadmium. Further purification available electrolytic refining and vacuum distillation. Cadmium is mainly used in steel, iron, copper, brass and other metal plating, corrosion resistant ability of alkaline substances. Cadmium can be used in the manufacture of small volume and large capacity of battery. Cadmium compounds are also used in the production of large amounts of pigments and phosphors. Cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide cadmium telluride used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells.

What is the medical function of Clobetasol

Clobetasol is white or light yellow crystalline powder. Easily dissolved in chloroform, dissolved in ethyl acetate, slightly soluble in methanol and ethanol, insoluble in water.

Clobetasol for adrenal cortical hormone drugs, has strong anti-inflammatory, itching and vasoconstriction, anti-inflammatory effects of about 112 times that of hydrocortisone. With the skin penetration promotor match into ointment azone, etc, can be used in the treatment of skin inflammation and itching disease, such as neurodermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, limits the new itch, discoid lupus erythematosus (sle), etc.

Where are the Allopurinol sodium

Allopurinol sodium mainly between gout attack period and chronic use, suitable for uric acid to generate too much, for uric acid drug allergy or invalid, as well as the unfavorable use row of uric acid drugs (if any) renal insufficiency of primary and secondary gout patients, to control the high uric acid hematic disease. This drug can also be used with uric acid appears, to enhance curative effect, especially suitable for gout serious and kidney stone goodish patients.
Allopurinol sodium and its metabolic product oxygen by inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase (the latter could turn hypoxanthine into xanthine, again make xanthine into uric acid), reduce uric acid generated, uric acid levels in the blood and urine reduces to a level below the solubility, thereby preventing uric acid calculi deposition, help tophus and uric acid crystals dissolve again.

The role of Superfine Cobalt Powder in industrial production

Superfine Cobalt Powder is green gray powder, irregular shape, used for hard alloy, diamond tools and other fields.

Cobalt powder is also used in aviation, aerospace, electrical appliances, machinery manufacturing, chemical and ceramic industries. Or cobalt base alloy containing cobalt alloy steel used for gas turbine blade, impeller, catheters, jet engines, rocket, missile parts and all kinds of high load of heat-resistant parts in chemical equipment and important metal materials of atomic energy industry. Cobalt cemented carbide as binder in powder metallurgy can guarantee a certain toughness. Magnetic alloy is indispensable to modern electronic and electromechanical industry materials, used in the manufacture of equipment such as sound, light, electricity and magnetism of various components. Cobalt is also an important part of the permanent magnetic alloys. In the chemical industry, cobalt except for high alloy and anti-corrosion alloy is also used in colored glass, pigment, enamel and catalyst, desiccant, etc.

Hafnium wire in industry application

Hafnium wire, made by metal hafnium control. In nature, hafnium and zirconium symbiosis, often containing zirconium minerals containing hafnium, hafnium and zirconium show class with like, hafnium mainly occurs in the zircon. In the industrial use of zircon HfO2 content is 0.5-2%. The beryllium zircon from secondary zirconium with HfO2 can be as high as 15%. There is a kind of metamorphic zircon SPAR, containing more than 5% of HfO2. After the two kinds of mineral reserves, less industry has not yet been adopted. In the process of hafnium mainly by the production of zirconium recycling.

Is the main purpose of hafnium nuclear reactor control rod. Pure hafnium has plasticity, easy processing, high temperature resistant corrosion, is an important material atomic energy industry. Hafnium thermal neutron capture cross section is large, is the ideal neutron absorber, atomic reactor control rod and protection devices. Hafnium powder as a rocket propulsion. In the electronics industry to make X ray tube cathode. Hafnium alloy can make the rocket nozzle and gliding of the re-entry vehicle front cover, Hf, Ta can manufacture of tool steel and alloy resistance materials. Hafnium in heat resistant alloy used to add elements, such as tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum alloy in some adding hafnium. HfC due to their high hardness and melting point, hard alloy additives. 4, tac HfC, melting point is 4215 ℃, for the melting point of the highest known compounds.

What is the chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol is produced by venezuela chain thermosphacta antibiotics, antibacterial sex broad-spectrum antibiotics. Is the first choice for treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid medicine, treatment of anaerobic bacteria infection is one of the powerful drug, the second for the treatment of various infectious diseases caused by sensitive microbes. Because of the hematopoietic system has serious adverse reactions, need to be used carefully.

Chloramphenicol is white acicular or microstrip yellow-green needles, longflake crystalls or crystal powder; Bitter taste. In methanol, ethanol, acetone, propylene glycol easily dissolved. Stable when dry, relatively stable in weak acid and neutral solution, boil no decomposition, in the base class is easy to fail.

The role of Nefopam in medical treatment

Nefopam is a drug that is mainly used is effective for medium and severe pain

Nefopam indications: effective for medium and severe pain, muscle annotated article 20 mg is 12 mg effect of morphine. Used for postoperative pain, cancer pain, acute pain. For acute gastritis, biliary tract roundworm disease and ureteral calculi visceral smooth muscle cramps. Local anesthesia and acupuncture analgesia anesthesia aided drug use.

Nefopam hydrochloride acid f diazepam tablets for a new type of narcotic analgesic, antipyretic and muscle relaxant effect of both light. Chemical structure belongs to the cyclization methyl diphenhydramine. So do not have the characteristics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nor opioid agonist. For medium and severe pain effectively, to a lesser respiratory inhibition. No inhibitory effect on the circulation system. Without tolerance and dependence.

What is the Obeticholic Acid

Obeticholic Acid method, alcohol X agonists, through X receptor activation method, alcohol, indirect inhibit cytochrome 7 a1 (CYP7A1) gene expression. Since CYP7A1 is the speed limit of bile acid biosynthesis enzyme, so the bei cholic acid can inhibit the bile acid synthesis, used in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Obeticholic Acid method, alcohol X agonists, through X receptor activation method, alcohol, indirect inhibit cytochrome 7 a1 (CYP7A1) gene expression. Since CYP7A1 is the speed limit of bile acid biosynthesis enzyme, so the bei cholic acid can inhibit the bile acid synthesis, used in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Obeticholic Acid Intercept by the United States pharmaceutical companies to develop successful, is the first twenty years of research and development for the treatment of cholestasis liver disease drugs. Research on the old standard treatment for those who bear bile acid is not fully response to oxygen or intolerance to the patients. Placebo-controlled phase iii trial, Mr Berlusconi cholic acid (OCA) increased with two biomarkers related to lower risk of liver transplantation. Clinical research of the composite end point is at least by 15% of alkaline phosphatase, serum alkaline phosphatase activity of 1.67 times lower than the normal limit, and bilirubin in the normal range, alkaline phosphatase was used to represent a kind of the severity of liver disease biomarkers.

What are the applications of rare earth metal neodymium

Neodymium is silvery white metal, melting point 1024 ° C, the density of 7.004 g/cm after, have paramagnetism. Neodymium is one of the most lively rare earth metals, in the air can quickly darkened, generated oxide; In cold water, slow reaction, reaction rapidly in the hot water. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet and neodymium glass can be instead of ruby laser materials, praseodymium and neodymium glass can make goggles. Neodymium (Nd) : along with the birth of the elements of praseodymium, neodymium also arises at the historic moment, the arrival of neodymium active rare earth field, plays an important role in the field of rare earth, and around the rare earth market.

Elements with its unique position in the field of rare earth neodymium, become the hot spot in the market for many years. Is the biggest users of metal neodymium in ndfeb permanent magnet materials. The coming of ndfeb permanent magnets for rare earth high-tech areas has injected new vigor and vitality. Ndfeb magnets, magnetic energy product is high, known as "the king of the permanent magnet, with its superior performance is widely used in electronics, machinery and other industries. Success of the alpha magnetic spectrometer, marks the magnetic of ndfeb magnets in China has entered the world first-class level. Nd also applies to non-ferrous metal materials. By adding 1.5 2.5% magnesium or aluminum alloy neodymium, can improve the high temperature properties of the alloy, air tightness and corrosion resistance, widely used in aerospace materials. In addition, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet produce shortwave laser beam, under 10 mm in industry are widely used in thickness of welding and cutting thin materials. On health care, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser instead of a scalpel to remove surgery or disinfect the wound. Also used in glass and ceramic materials coloring and neodymium rubber additives. With the development of science and technology, rare earth science and technology development and extension, neodymium will have a broader use of space.

The nature of the mercuric oxide

Mercury oxide mercury (II) (oxidation) is a kind of alkaline oxide, as inorganic substances, chemical formula for HgO, bright red or orange-red scaly crystalls or crystal powder, almost insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, 500 ℃ when the decomposition. Highly toxic, stimulating. Mercury oxide can be used for making other mercury compounds, and also used as a catalyst, pigment, antibacterial and mercury electrode material in the battery.

Bright red or orange-red scaly crystalls or crystal powder. When very fine powder of yellow, quality, no smell. But the color has nothing to do with particle size. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid, alkali and alkali iodide cyanide solution, slowly dissolve in bromine

The lye, almost insoluble in water, insoluble in ethanol. Relative density 11.30. Toxic, median lethal dose (rats, through the mouth) 18 mg/kg. Stimulating. Action by light slowly becomes dark, there are poisonous! Heating when the temperature reached 500 ℃ oxide mercury will become elemental mercury, the decomposition of releasing oxygen (chemical equations for heat hgo = = 2 hg + O2 write). If the heating temperature below the decomposition temperature, color black, cold again after primary colors. Almost insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in nitric acid and hydrochloric acid to form a high mercury salt.

What drug effective for neuron disease

　　The Riluzole , its chemical name is: 2 - amino - 6 - trifluoro methoxy benzothiazole. This product is white or kind of white. For the treatment of muscle atrophy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, can prolong the survival time and/or delay of trachea incision.
　　Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or motor neurone disease is a progressive fatal disease. There are two kinds of form: the disease pathogenesis or medulla oblongata of the body. Both of upper and lower motor neuron loss, resulting in progressive and irreversible muscle wasting and weakness. Although the disease pathogenesis is not yet fully understand, glutamate toxicity is a possible cause of the neuron damage. So now will be able to adjust in glutamate levels in the central nervous system drugs as a possible cure.
　　Benzothiazole drugs,Riluzole is this kind of drug glutamic acid, nerve protection mechanism is complex, involving several different process. Already know is that it can inhibit the presynaptic glutamate release and can prevent glutamate and receptor activation. This product also can make the nerve endings and the potentials of the dependence of sodium channel inactivation, stimulate dependent on G protein signal transduction process.

　　In vitro, this product can protect the cultured motor neurons from the toxic effects of glutamic acid activation, and prevent the ALS patients due to lack of oxygen or exposed to toxic factors in the CSF of lead to neuronal death. In the mouse model of spinal motor neuron degeneration, this product can improve its mobility.

The main role of Pirenzepine

Pirenzepine, as a kind of selective anticholinergic drugs, cells of the stomach variety of alkali receptors with high affinity, and for smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and salivary glands and other variety of alkali receptor affinity is low, so the application of general treatment doses, only can inhibit the secretion of gastric acid, and there are few other choline drug resistance to the pupil, gastrointestinal smooth muscle, heart, salivary glands and bladder muscle and other side effects. Doses can inhibit the production of saliva, only large doses can inhibit gastrointestinal smooth muscle and causes tachycardia.

Pirenzepine is mainly used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and can obviously relieve patients' pain, reduce the dosage of antacids. Recent ulcer healing rate at about 70% one 94%, curative effect and cimetidine, is better than that of carbenoxolone sodium. With cimetidine share can enhance the effect of the inhibition of gastric acid secretion. [usage and dosage] adult commonly used oral doses of 50 mg, 1, 2, early take one and a half hours before dinner. Treatment with 4-6 Zhou Weiyi. Severe cases, 1, volume can be increased to 150 mg, three times. Require long-term treatment of patients, may be for 3 months.

Where can I buy Metal Tin

Tin, the metal element, low melting point metal element, a bluish white luster, in the compound is two valence or tetravalent, will not be air oxidation, mainly carbon dioxide (cassiterite) and various sulfides (such as Liu Xishi) form. Element symbol Sn. Tin is the famous "hardware" - one of gold, silver, copper, iron, tin. As early as in ancient times, people discovered and used tin. A number of ancient tombs in China, they often find some tin pot, like tin tin candlestick. According to research, China's Zhou Dynasty, the use of tin has been very common. In the ancient tombs of Egypt, tin was also found in daily necessities.
Tin, English name Tin (Stannum), element Sn, metal belonging to the IVA family, atomic number 50, the relative atomic mass of 118.71, a group IVA metal, melting point: 231.89 C, 2260 C, boiling point, density: 7.28g/cm fand. Tin is a silver white metallic luster of the low melting point of the metal, pure tin soft, good at room temperature, good chemical stability, not easy to be oxidized, often keep the silver shiny luster. The content of tin in the crust is 0.004%, almost all in cassiterite (SnO2) form, in addition to a very small amount of tin sulfide ore. As one of "hardware" (gold, silver, copper, iron, tin), as early as the 2000 BC, tin has begun to be used by humans. At present, mainly used in the manufacture of tin solder, tin plate, alloy, chemical products, products are widely used in electronics, electrical appliances, information, chemical industry, metallurgy, building materials, food packaging, machinery, atomic energy and aerospace industry and other industries.
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Where there is good clarithromycin

Clarithromycin (Limaixian) is a macrolide antibiotic, a new generation of semi synthetic, combined with bacterial cells 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibition of protein synthesis and bacteriostasis to wide, has a strong antimicrobial effect on Gram positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, is the strongest macrolide antibiotics on the antibacterial activity of Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infection. The activity of clarithromycin against Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro was 7 to 10 times that of erythromycin, which was about 4 times higher than that of doxycycline. The 14 hydroxyl products produced by the metabolism in vivo have biological activity, the antibacterial spectrum is the same as that of clarithromycin, and their antibacterial activity in vivo is greatly improved than that in vitro.
Clarithromycin is a derivative of erythromycin and is suitable for the following infections caused by clarithromycin sensitive bacteria: 1 nasopharyngeal infections: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis. 2 lower respiratory tract infection: acute bronchitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. 3: skin and soft tissue infections, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle erysipelas and wound infection. 4 acute otitis media, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis and cervicitis. 5 is also used for Legionella infection, or combined with other drugs for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium infection, Helicobacter pylori infection.
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What are the application of ginkgo biloba extract

Ginkgo biloba extract of ginkgo leaf as raw material, adopt the appropriate solvent, extraction of effective components of concentrated products, is the real natural plant extracts. In all kinds of preparations of ginkgo biloba extract as raw material, widely used in medicine, health care products, food additives, functional beverage, cosmetics and other fields. Is the product of modern science and technology development of plant medicine one of the most successful case.

The medicinal value and application of ginkgo biloba extract is extremely broad. Adopted advanced technologies, processes and equipment, through further extraction, separation and purification, the more obvious pharmacological effects, in addition to significant antagonism PAF in vitro, can also in anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, dilate blood vessels, protection of heart head blood-vessel, improve peripheral blood circulation, reduce serum cholesterol and auxiliary anticancer efficacy, can be widely used in cardiovascular, nervous system disease prevention and health care, etc.

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